Biomechanics is the study of human movement using principles from physics and engineering. In sport, biomechanics is used to analyse technique, reduce injury risk and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of movement. By understanding how the body moves and the forces acting upon it, athletes and coaches can refine skills and strategies to optimise performance and sustain activity over time.

Biomechanical analysis identifies inefficient or incorrect movement patterns that may waste energy or place excess strain on the body. By correcting these patterns, athletes can conserve energy, allowing for sustained performance, particularly in endurance sports. They can also optimise movement technique, improving execution in tasks such as running, swimming or throwing. For example, running gait analysis helps identify overstriding or excessive vertical bounce that could lead to fatigue. Swimming stroke analysis evaluates timing and alignment to reduce drag and improve propulsion.

By applying biomechanical principles, athletes can generate greater force, speed or accuracy in their movements without expending additional energy. Understanding Newton’s Laws of Motion enables athletes to maximise propulsion (e.g. applying force through the ground in sprint starts). Adjusting limb positions improves power output and range of motion (e.g. adjusting shoulder angle in a tennis serve).

Efficient biomechanics can reduce abnormal stress on joints and tissues, lowering the risk of overuse injuries. Correct alignment distributes forces evenly, preventing joint strain. Correct load distribution also ensures that forces are absorbed and redirected appropriately during high-impact movements. 

For example, in weightlifting, biomechanical analysis ensures correct bar path and joint positioning to avoid back or knee injuries. In football, jump landing technique is adjusted to reduce anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk.

Biomechanical tools and techniques include:

• Video analysis (e.g. Dartfish, Hudl): Slow-motion replays to assess movement patterns.

• Force plates and motion sensors: Measure ground reaction forces and joint angles.

• 3D motion capture: Provides detailed insight into joint and muscle mechanics during sport-specific tasks.